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Cracks in aluminum heads are most often repaired by TIG welding (though pinning also works with small accessible cracks). The head must be clean, grease-free and dry before grinding the crack all the way out. Just grinding the surface and welding over a crack will likely be a short-lived temporary fix because the underlying crack is still there and will continue to grow. After grinding, the surface of the metal should be cleaned with a stainless steel wire brush.When exposed to air, aluminum forms an oxide coating that contaminates the weld and interferes with fusing. A TIG welder prevents the formation of the oxide layer by bathing the weld with a steady supply of inert gas (usually argon). An alternating current is used to alternately heat the metal and burn off any oxide that forms.
In most cases, welders will choose a MMA (manual metal arc) welding set and attempt the repair of cast iron using pure nickel or nickel-iron electrodes. This is an expensive and difficult method requiring considerable pre-heating and strict control of the post-weld cooling, owing to the metallurgical difference between the rod and the parent material. Sif Super Silicon No9 is used in the oxy/acetylene process and is much more compatible with the parent material, making it easier to get fast, reliable results and good colour match. As Sif Super Silicon No9 contains no nickel, its use delivers savings over the use of MMA electrodes.
Our favourite is Loctite Super Glue All Plastics. This specialty super glue is designed for plastics, including the hard-to-bond-to polypropylene and polyethylene. It comes with an activator which you apply first and need to allow to dry for 60 seconds. This allows the adhesive to bond in seconds and dries transparent for close to invisible repairs!
Bullet holes come in three variations: metal bullet holes, which appear as small, rippled dents with holes in the center; cracked bullet holes on other materials such as glass or stone, which simply appear as several cracks surrounding a dark hole; and a custom variation created by the laser welder added in version 0.48 (see Overheating). Prior to version 0.48, the laser welder could only create metal bullet holes, regardless of the material fired upon. The laser welder now creates a separate type of bullet hole, appearing as a deformed, slightly melted area, as seen to the right.
Bullet holes may take different amounts of time to be removed with the laser welder depending on the level and the manner in which they were created. If the bullet hole was created by the laser welder itself, it may take several seconds to remove. However, if the bullet hole was present when starting the level, it may be removed in only one or two seconds (however this does not apply to all levels).Firing the laser welder on or near a bullet hole will cause the hole to glow orange for a few seconds before fading back to its normal state. To completely remove the bullet hole, the player must fire the laser welder directly onto the hole for several seconds until it completely disappears. It is interesting to note that if the player looks away from a glowing bullet hole for any amount of time and then looks back, it will still be glowing the same amount as it was before the player looked away.
Acid burns can appear in Uprinsing, caused by vials of acid that are broken on unpainted surfaces, or acid splats that are left on surfaces too long. They may appear as faint dark marks, or as deep burns that are similar to the marks an overheated welder causes.
Firing at nearly any item with the laser welder for long enough will eventually cause the item to become incinerated. This applies to both organic and inorganic objects. The player may take advantage of this to partly incinerate large body parts or other debris that may be located too far from an incinerator. Firing at organic objects such as viscera and bodies will produce black and red crisps/chunks of varying sizes, relative to the size of the item fired at. These objects will not create any kind of mess when dropped or otherwise moved.
If an inorganic object is fired at, it instead leaves a pile of melted solid with a small patch of soot underneath. The size, shape, and colour of this solid depends on the original object. The time it takes to incinerate or melt an inorganic item varies relative to the size and type of object. Paper trash can be fully destroyed with one short burst from the laser welder, while large metal objects may require several prolonged direct hits. Generally, objects that should not be incinerated or removed from the level (such as crates and barrels) will take longer to incinerate with the welder, and will produce larger melted-waste piles to discourage the player from attempting this. It should be noted that firing the welder at a barrel with a flame icon will cause the barrel to explode and create a very large amount of soot instead of simply being reduced to a melted pile.
If the laser welder is fired for long time periods, the barrel will become overheated and glow a bright pink/orange as a result. If the player does not stop firing when this happens, the laser will begin to shoot out 1-3 small fireballs that move across the floor and walls, traveling away from the laser's point of contact in a random pattern, leaving long trails of soot behind them (sometimes in inconvenient areas only accessible by using the J-HARM). The moving fireballs can be prematurely extinguished by using the mop on them, stopping them from creating more soot trails. The overheated laser will also create a new bullet hole at the point of contact. Because of this it is recommended that the laser welder be fired in short, successive bursts instead of a continuous manner.
It is important to note that the laser welder actually has a maximum range of about 6 to 7 meters (20 to 25 feet). When the target of the laser welder is outside of this range, the beam will simply stop in mid-air and produce no sparks or smoke, as the beam is not actually touching any object. However, the laser welder can still overheat and produce soot if fired for too long. No bullet holes will be created outside of the laser welder's range, such as on high-ceilings. Firing the laser welder into areas outside of the device's range can be useful for illuminating dark areas for short periods of time without the use of a lantern or similar object.
The other main challenge with the welding of duplex and super duplex stainless steels is maintaining the balanced austenite: ferrite microstructure. In the weld metal area, there would typically be a loss of nitrogen. As nitrogen is an austenite stabiliser, the loss of nitrogen from the weld area encourages a greater proportion of ferrite resulting in a loss of mechanical and corrosion properties. This can be overcome by selecting a filler metal which is over-alloyed i.e. with a greater percentage of nickel (another austenite stabiliser) or using nitrogen as the shielding gas itself so that the weld metal picks up a small amount of nitrogen.
Fracture toughness testing was conducted on standard single-edge notched bend bar specimens of base and weld metal. The material was the SAF 2906 super duplex stainless steel. The aim was to evaluate the susceptibility for brittle failure at sub-zero temperatures for the base and weld metal. The base metal was tested between -103 and -60. °C and was evaluated according to the crack-tip opening displacement method. The fracture event at and below -80. °C can be described as ductile until critical cleavage initiation occurs, which caused unstable failure of the specimen. The welding method used was submerged arc welding with a 7. wt% nickel filler metal. The welded specimens were post-weld heat treated (PWHT) at 1100. °C for 20. min and then quenched. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis showed that during PWHT substitutional element partitioning occurred which resulted in decreased nickel content in the ferrite. The PWHT weld metal specimens were tested at -72. °C. The fracture sequence was critical cleavage fracture initiation after minor crack-tip blunting and ductile fracture.
The aim of the thesis was to study the susceptibility for brittle failures and the fracture process of duplex stainless steels at sub-zero temperatures (°C). In the first part of the thesis plates of hot-rolled duplex stainless steel with various thicknesses were used to study the influence of delamination (also known as splits) on the fracture toughness. The methods used were impact and fracture toughness testing. Light optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the microstructure and fracture surfaces. It was concluded that the delaminations caused a loss of constraint along the crack front which resulted in a stable fracture process despite the presence of cleavage cracks. These delaminations occurred when cleavage cracks are constrained by the elongated austenite lamellae. The pop-in phenomenon which is frequently observed in duplex stainless steels during fracture toughness testing was shown to occur due to these delaminations. The susceptibility for pop-in behaviour during testing increased with decreasing plate thickness. The toughness anisotropy was also explained by the delamination phenomenon.In the second part of the thesis duplex stainless steel weld metals from lean duplex and super duplex were investigated. For the lean duplex weldments with different nickel contents, tensile, impact and fracture toughness testing were conducted from room temperature to sub-zero temperatures. The result showed that increased nickel content decreased the susceptibility for critical cleavage initiation at sub-zero temperatures. The super duplex stainless steel weldment was post weld heat treated. The fracture sequence at low temperature was critical cleavage fracture initiation after minor crack-tip blunting and ductile fracture. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy investigation of the weld metals showed that substitutional element partitioning is small in the weld metal. However, for the post weld heat treated weldments element partitioning occurred which resulted in decreased nickel content in the ferrite. 2b1af7f3a8